List of Resources

Functional Neurosurgery Educational Resources

Our intent in compiling this list of resources is to help guide medical students, residents and fellows interested in stereotactic and functional neurosurgery to high-yield resources. Given the volume of publications in the field, it can be difficult to find concise sources via an online search. We hope that this source eliminates some of the time spent searching so you can spend more time learning.

Primary sources are listed first, but for those who are new to the field, it may be more helpful to start with one of the textbooks under section IV A.

I. Previously Published Compilations of Primary Sources

Lozano AM. The Evolution of Our Journal Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery: From 1938 until Now and Beyond. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2020;98(5):292-299. doi: 1159/000509928. Epub 2020 Jul 29. PMID: 32726772.

Includes the top 50 cited papers in Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (and its predecessors) and 2 includes 61 papers in the field with ≥ 400 citations. Small amount of overlap with subsequent listings, but the vast majority of these articles were published prior to 2009.

Lipsman N, Lozano AM. Measuring impact in stereotactic and functional neurosurgery: an analysis of the top 100 most highly cited works and the citation classics in the field. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2012;90(3):201-9. doi: 1159/000337170. Epub 2012 Jun 5. PMID: 22677634.

II. More recent Individual Primary Sources

(with some older fundamental papers)

Epilepsy

Fundamentals

Kucukyuruk B, Richardson RM, Wen HT, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Rhoton AL Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the temporal lobe and its implications on temporal lobe epilepsy Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012:769825. doi:10.1155/2012/769825. Epub 2012 May 21. PMID: 22957242.
Holanda VM, Gungor A, Baydin S, Middlebrooks EH, Danish SF. Anatomic Investigation of the Trajectory for Stereotactic Laser Amygdalohippocampectomy. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 Aug1;15(2):194-206. doi: 10.1093/ons/opx218. PMID: 29140463.

Clinical Practice

Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M; Effectiveness and Efficiency of Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Study Group. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 2;345(5):311-8. doi: 1056/NEJM200108023450501. PMID: 11484687.
Engel J Jr, McDermott MP, Wiebe S, Langfitt JT, Stern JM, Dewar S, Sperling MR, Gardiner I, Erba G, Fried I, Jacobs M, Vinters HV, Mintzer S, Kieburtz K; Early Randomized Surgical Epilepsy Trial (ERSET) Study Group. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2012 Mar 7;307(9):922-30. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.220. PMID: 22396514.
Salanova V, Witt T, Worth R, Henry TR, Gross RE, Nazzaro JM, Labar D, Sperling MR, Sharan A, Sandok E, Handforth A, Stern JM, Chung S, Henderson JM, French J, Baltuch G, Rosenfeld WE, Garcia P, Barbaro NM, Fountain NB, Elias WJ, Goodman RR, Pollard JR, Tröster AI, Irwin CP, Lambrecht K, Graves N, Fisher R; SANTE Study Group. Long-term efficacy and safety of thalamic stimulation for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2015 Mar 10;84(10):1017-25. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001334. Epub 2015 Feb 6. PMID: 25663221.
Stroup E, Langfitt J, Berg M, McDermott M, Pilcher W, Como P. Predicting verbal memory decline following anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). Neurology. 2003 Apr 22;60(8):1266-73. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000058765.33878.0d. PMID: 12707428
Barbaro NM, Quigg M, Ward MM, Chang EF, Broshek DK, Langfitt JT, Yan G, Laxer KD, Cole AJ, Sneed PK, Hess CP, Yu W, Tripathi M, Heck CN, Miller JW, Garcia PA, McEvoy A, Fountain NB, Salanova V, Knowlton RC, Bagić A, Henry T, Kapoor S, McKhann G, Palade AE, Reuber M, Tecoma E. Radiosurgery versus open surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: The randomized, controlled ROSE Epilepsia. 2018 Jun;59(6):1198- 1207. doi: 10.1111/epi.14045. Epub 2018 Mar 30. PMID: 29600809.
Wu C, Jermakowicz WJ, Chakravorti S, Cajigas I, Sharan AD, Jagid JR, Matias CM, Sperling MR, Buckley R, Ko A, Ojemann JG, Miller JW, Youngerman B, Sheth SA, McKhann GM, Laxton AW, Couture DE, Popli GS, Smith A, Mehta AD, Ho AL, Halpern CH, Englot DJ, Neimat JS, Konrad PE, Neal E, Vale FL, Holloway KL, Air EL, Schwalb J, Dawant BM, D’Haese PF. Effects of surgical targeting in laser interstitial thermal therapy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: A multicenter study of 234 Epilepsia. 2019 Jun;60(6):1171-1183. doi: 10.1111/epi.15565. Epub 2019 May21. PMID: 31112302.
Willie JT, Laxpati NG, Drane DL, Gowda A, Appin C, Hao C, Brat DJ, Helmers SL, Saindane A, Nour SG, Gross RE. Real-time magnetic resonance-guided stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampotomy for mesialtemporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosurgery. 2014 Jun;74(6):569-84; discussion584-5. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000343. PMID:
Dwivedi R, Ramanujam B, Chandra PS, Sapra S, Gulati S, Kalaivani M, Garg A, Bal CS, Tripathi M, Dwivedi SN, Sagar R, Sarkar C, Tripathi M. Surgery for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Children. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 26;377(17):1639-1647. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615335. PMID: 29069568.
Fisher R, Salanova V, Witt T, Worth R, Henry T, Gross R, Oommen K, Osorio I, Nazzaro J, Labar D, Kaplitt M, Sperling M, Sandok E, Neal J, Handforth A, Stern J, DeSalles A, Chung S, Shetter A, Bergen D, Bakay R, Henderson J, French J, Baltuch G, Rosenfeld W, Youkilis A, Marks W, Garcia P, Barbaro N, Fountain N, Bazil C, Goodman R, McKhann G, Babu Krishnamurthy K, Papavassiliou S, Epstein C, Pollard J, Tonder L, Grebin J, Coffey R, Graves N; SANTE Study Group. Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010 May;51(5):899-908. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02536.x. Epub 2010 Mar 17. PMID: 20331461.
Morrell MJ; RNS System in Epilepsy Study Group. Responsive cortical stimulation for the treatment of medically intractable partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2011 Sep 27;77(13):1295-304. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182302056. Epub 2011 Sep 14. PMID: 21917777.
DeGiorgio CM, Schachter SC, Handforth A, Salinsky M, Thompson J, Uthman B, Reed R, Collins S, Tecoma E, Morris GL, Vaughn B, Naritoku DK, Henry T, Labar D, Gilmartin R, Labiner D, Osorio I, Ristanovic R, Jones J, Murphy J, Ney G, Wheless J, Lewis P, Heck C. Prospective long-term study of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of refractory seizures. Epilepsia. 2000 Sep;41(9):1195-200. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00325.x. PMID: 10999559.

Movement Disorders

Fundamentals

Kopell BH, Rezai AR, Chang JW, Vitek JL. Anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia: implications for deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006 Jun;21 Suppl 14:S238-46. doi: 10.1002/mds.20958. PMID: 16810674.
Helmich RC, Toni I, Deuschl G, Bloem BR. The pathophysiology of essential tremor and Parkinson’s tremor. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2013 Sep;13(9):378. doi: 10.1007/s11910-013-0378-8. PMID: 23893097.
Kheder A, Nair KP. Spasticity: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Pract Neurol. 2012 Oct;12(5):289-98. doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2011-000155. PMID: 22976059.

Clinical Practice

Zrinzo L, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Hariz MI. Reducing hemorrhagic complications in functional neurosurgery: a large case series and systematic literature J Neurosurg. 2012 Jan;116(1):84-94. doi: 10.3171/2011.8.JNS101407. Epub 2011 Sep 9. PMID: 21905798.
Starr P, Feiwell R, Marks W Jr. Placement of deep brain stimulators into the subthalamic nucleus: technical approach. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72(2-4):247. doi: 10.1159/000029735. PMID: 10853087.
Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, Bossuyt PM, Bonsel GJ, van Someren EJ, de Bie RM, Merkus MP, Speelman JD. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. N Engl J Med. 2000 Feb 17;342(7):461-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200002173420703. PMID: 10675426.
Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M, Hur K, Harris CL, Luo P, Marks WJ Jr, Rothlind J, Sagher O, Moy C, Pahwa R, Burchiel K, Hogarth P, Lai EC, Duda JE, Holloway K, Samii A, Horn S, Bronstein JM, Stoner G, Starr PA, Simpson R, Baltuch G, De Salles A, Huang GD, Reda DJ; CSP 468 Study Group. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 3;362(22):2077-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907083. PMID: 20519680.
Hacker ML, DeLong MR, Turchan M, Heusinkveld LE, Ostrem JL, Molinari AL, Currie AD, Konrad PE, Davis TL, Phibbs FT, Hedera P, Cannard KR, Drye LT, Sternberg AL, Shade DM, Tonascia J, Charles D. Effects of deep brain stimulation on rest tremor progression in early stage Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2018 Jul 31;91(5):e463-e471. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005903. Epub 2018 Jun 29. PMID: 29959266; PMCID: PMC6093763.
Schuepbach WM, Rau J, Knudsen K, Volkmann J, Krack P, Timmermann L, Hälbig TD, Hesekamp H, Navarro SM, Meier N, Falk D, Mehdorn M, Paschen S, Maarouf M, Barbe MT, Fink GR, Kupsch A, Gruber D, Schneider GH, Seigneuret E, Kistner A, Chaynes P, Ory-Magne F, Brefel Courbon C, Vesper J, Schnitzler A, Wojtecki L, Houeto JL, Bataille B, Maltête D, Damier P, Raoul S, Sixel-Doering F, Hellwig D, Gharabaghi A, Krüger R, Pinsker MO, Amtage F, Régis JM, Witjas T, Thobois S, Mertens P, Kloss M, Hartmann A, Oertel WH, Post B, Speelman H, Agid Y, Schade-Brittinger C, Deuschl G; EARLYSTIM Study Group. Neurostimulation for Parkinson’s disease with early motor complications. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb 14;368(7):610-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1205158. PMID: 23406026.
Starr PA, Turner RS, Rau G, Lindsey N, Heath S, Volz M, Ostrem JL, Marks WJ Jr. Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2006 Apr;104(4):488-501. doi: 10.3171/jns.2006.104.4.488. PMID: 16619651.
Shanker V, Bressman SB. Diagnosis and Management of Dystonia. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016 Aug;22(4 Movement Disorders):1227-45. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000352. PMID: 27495206.

Rating Scales

Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Rating Scales for Parkinson’s Disease. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): status and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2003 Jul;18(7):738-50. doi: 10.1002/mds.10473. PMID: 12815652.
Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, Stebbins GT, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P, Poewe W, Sampaio C, Stern MB, Dodel R, Dubois B, Holloway R, Jankovic J, Kulisevsky J, Lang AE, Lees A, Leurgans S, LeWitt PA, Nyenhuis D, Olanow CW, Rascol O, Schrag A, Teresi JA, van Hilten JJ, LaPelle N; Movement Disorder Society UPDRS Revision Task Force. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord. 2008 Nov 15;23(15):2129-70. doi: 10.1002/mds.22340. PMID: 19025984.
Fahn S, Tolosa E, Marín Clinical rating scale for Tremor. In: Jankovik J and Tolosa E. Parkinson’s disease and Movement Disorders. Baltimore-Munich: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1988. 225-34.
Elble R, Comella C, Fahn S, Hallett M, Jankovic J, Juncos JL, Lewitt P, Lyons K, Ondo W, Pahwa R, Sethi K, Stover N, Tarsy D, Testa C, Tintner R, Watts R, Zesiewicz T. Reliability of a new scale for essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2012 Oct;27(12):1567-9. doi: 10.1002/mds.25162. Epub 2012 Oct 2. PMID: 23032792.
Ondo W, Hashem V, LeWitt PA, Pahwa R, Shih L, Tarsy D, Zesiewicz T, Elble R. Comparison of the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Clinical Rating Scale and the Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2017 Nov 23;5(1):60- 65. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12560. PMID: 30363460; PMCID: PMC6174461.

Pain

Raslan AM, Ben-Haim S, Falowski SM, Machado AG, Miller J, Pilitsis JG, Rosenberg WS, Rosenow JM, Sweet J, Viswanathan A, Winfree CJ, Schwalb JM. Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline on Neuroablative Procedures for Patients With Cancer Pain. Neurosurgery. 2021 Feb 16;88(3):437-442. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa527. PMID: 33355345.
Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, Gliner BE, Vallejo R, Sitzman BT, Amirdelfan K, Morgan DM, Brown LL, Yearwood TL, Bundschu R, Burton AW, Yang T, Benyamin R, Burgher AH. Novel 10-kHz High-frequency Therapy (HF10 Therapy) Is Superior to Traditional Low-frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Leg Pain: The SENZA-RCT Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2015 Oct;123(4):851-60. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000774. PMID: 26218762.
Kapural L, Sayed D, Kim B, Harstroem C, Deering J. Retrospective Assessment of Salvage to 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) in Patients Who Failed Traditional SCS Therapy: RESCUE Study. J Pain Res. 2020 Nov 10;13:2861-2867. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S281749. PMID: 33204147.
Deer T, Slavin KV, Amirdelfan K, North RB, Burton AW, Yearwood TL, Tavel E, Staats P, Falowski S, Pope J, Justiz R, Fabi AY, Taghva A, Paicius R, Houden T, Wilson D. Success Using Neuromodulation With BURST (SUNBURST) Study: Results From a Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial Using a Novel Burst Waveform. Neuromodulation. 2018 Jan;21(1):56-66. doi: 10.1111/ner.12698. Epub 2017 Sep 29. PMID: 28961366.
Texakalidis P, Tora MS, Boulis NM. Neurosurgeons’ Armamentarium for the Management of Refractory Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Systematic Literature Review. Stereotact Funct 2019;97(1):55-65. doi: 10.1159/000499476.Epub 2019 Apr 17. PMID: 30995653.
Barker FG 2nd, Jannetta PJ, Bissonette DJ, Larkins MV, Jho HD. Thelong-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal N Engl J Med. 1996 Apr 25;334(17):1077-83. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199604253341701. PMID: 8598865.

Psychiatric Disorders

Fundamentals

Kopell BH, Greenberg BD. Anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia: implications for DBS in psychiatry. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(3):408-22. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.07.004. Epub 2007 Aug 7. PMID: 17854894.
Robbins TW, Vaghi MM, Banca P. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Puzzles and Prospects. Neuron. 2019 Apr 3;102(1):27-47. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.046. PMID: 30946823.
Albin RL, Mink JW. Recent advances in Tourette syndrome research. Trends Neurosci. 2006 Mar;29(3):175-82. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2006.01.001. Epub 2006 Jan 23. PMID: 16430974.
Otte C, Gold SM, Penninx BW, Pariante CM, Etkin A, Fava M, Mohr DC, Schatzberg AF. Major depressive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Sep 15;2:16065. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.65. PMID: 27629598.

Clinical Practice

Bergfeld IO, Mantione M, Hoogendoorn ML, Ruhé HG, Notten P, van Laarhoven J, Visser I, Figee M, de Kwaasteniet BP, Horst F, Schene AH, van den Munckhof P, Beute G, Schuurman R, Denys D. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Ventral Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 May 1;73(5):456-64. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0152. PMID: 27049915.
Riva-Posse P, Choi KS, Holtzheimer PE, Crowell AL, Garlow SJ, Rajendra JK, McIntyre CC, Gross RE, Mayberg HS. A connectomic approach for subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation surgery: prospective targeting in treatment-resistant depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2018 Apr;23(4):843-849. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.59. Epub 2017 Apr 11. PMID: 28397839; PMCID: PMC5636645.
Holtzheimer PE, Mayberg HS. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011;34:289-307. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113638. PMID: 21692660.
Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V, McNeely HE, Seminowicz D, Hamani C,Schwalb JM, Kennedy SH. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistantdepression. Neuron. 2005 Mar 3;45(5):651-60. doi: 1016/j.neuron.2005.02.014. PMID: 15748841.
Greenberg BD, Malone DA, Friehs GM, Rezai AR, Kubu CS, Malloy PF, Salloway SP, Okun MS, Goodman WK, Rasmussen SA. Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive- compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Nov;31(11):2384-93. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301165. Epub 2006 Jul 19. Erratum in: 2006 Nov;31(11):2394. PMID: 16855529.

Basics of neurostimulation

Nowak LG, Bullier J. Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in cortical gray matter. I. Evidence from chronaxie measurements. Exp Brain Res. 1998 Feb;118(4):477-88. doi: 10.1007/s002210050304. PMID: 9504843.
Nowak LG, Bullier J. Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in cortical gray matter. II. Evidence from selective inactivation of cell bodies and axon initial segments. Exp Brain Res. 1998 Feb;118(4):489-500. doi: 10.1007/s002210050305. PMID: 9504844.
Ranck JB Jr. Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review. Brain Res. 1975 Nov 21;98(3):417-40. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90364-9. PMID: 1102064.

Brain Mapping

Young JS, Lee AT, Chang A Review of Cortical and Subcortical Stimulation Mapping for Language. Neurosurgery. 2021 Jan 14:nyaa436. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa436. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33444451.

III. Online sources

Stereotactic Academy

www.stereotactic.org : Great resource for DBS.

Global Epilepsy Surgery Technique Rounds

ESTM WEBINAR :: Estm20202 : Collection of epilepsy webinars from international experts.

The Rhoton Collection

rhoton.ineurodb.org/login_form : General neurosurgical anatomy.

The Neurosurgical Atlas

https://www.neurosurgicalatlas.com/: Great for interactive anatomy and surgical videos.

IV. Books

A. Broad Overview

Broad overview of functional with references to more detailed

Another great More detail on many topics than 1. Recent (published 2020).

These pair well Functional Neurosurgery provides a broad intro to the field, while the Operative Atlas provides “how to” details and is very well-illustrated.